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Core Concepts
Learn the fundamental concepts of the IXO Spatial Web Stack
The IXO Spatial Web is a decentralized platform that enables you to create and manage cognitive digital twins of real-world systems, powered by blockchain networks, secure data storage, and Agentic Oracles.
Key Terminology
- A Digital Entity is the foundational representation of any real-world actor or system in the IXO Spatial Web.
- A Domain is the on-chain identity record (DID Document) that anchors a Digital Entity, containing its verification methods, services, and properties.
- A Digital Twin is the complete functional system combining a Digital Entity, its Domain record, associated data, and operational logic.
Digital Identity
Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)
Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)
- W3C DID (Decentralized Identifier) for unique identification
- Self-sovereign identity management
- Cryptographic verification
- Resolution across networks
- On-chain Domain Record (DID Document)
Digital Authentication
Digital Authentication
- Authenticate agents with secure digital IDs
- Verifiable credentials for authorization
- Cryptographic proof of identity
- Role-based access control
- Cross-chain identity resolution
Cognitive Digital Twins
Entity Domains
Entity Domains
A Domain serves as the on-chain identity record for a Digital Entity, containing:
- Entity Type and Class Inheritance
- Entity Metadata
- Domain Controllers
- Verification Methods and Relationships
- Service Endpoints
- Accorded Rights
- Linked Resources and Claims
- Linked Entities Graph
- Domain Accounts
- State management and synchronization
- Data fusion and Event tracking
Digital Entity Types
Digital Entity Types
Digital Entities can be instantiated as different types of Digital Twins:
- Decentralized Autonomous Organisation (DAO)
- Project Domain
- Investment Domain
- Oracle Domain
- Asset Domain
- Protocol Domain
- Deed Domain
- Programmable Organisational Domain (POD)
- Location Domain
Entity Requirements
Entity Requirements
- Non-fungible token implementation using IXO Tokens Module
- Interchain Identifier (IID) for unique identification - an IXO-specific implementation of the W3C DID standard optimized for cross-chain identity and interoperability in the Interchain ecosystem
- On-chain IID Document in Registry Module - stores DID Document data following W3C standards with IXO-specific extensions
- Off-chain IID Document storage
- Transferable ownership and control
- Financial composability
Organisational Model
Organisational Model
- DAO governance structure
- Group-based ownership and control
- Asset and project management capabilities
- Agent authorization system
- Multi-role agent system:
- Governance Agents
- Investment Agents
- Service Agents
- Oracle Agents
- Value distribution mechanisms
Real-World Systems Digitization
Real-World Systems Digitization
- Digital representation of physical systems
- Real-time state synchronization
- Impact measurement and verification
- Integration with IoT devices and sensors
- Assisted operation through Impact Oracles
- System monitoring and optimization
Impact Hub Ecosystem
The Impact Hub Network is the public deployment of IXO Blockchain technology. While IXO Blockchain refers to the underlying technology and protocol stack, the Impact Hub Network is its primary public network implementation, serving as the main chain for impact verification, tokenization, and cross-chain coordination.
Blockchain Foundation
Blockchain Foundation
The Impact Hub Network is built on:
- IXO Blockchain technology (see IXO Blockchain article for details)
- Cosmos SDK with Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC)
- Specialized modules for impact verification and tokenization
Data & Intelligence
Data & Intelligence
Secure data management and processing through:
- Matrix Protocol-based decentralized data storage (see Data Matrix Layer)
- Agentic Oracles for automated verification (see Oracle Services)
- Knowledge graphs and semantic processing (see Intelligence Systems)
Development Stack
Development Stack
Tools and interfaces for building on Impact Hub:
- SDKs and APIs (see Development Tools)
- JAMBO developer platform for decentralized applications
- IXO Studio for visual development
- IXO Graph for entity relationship exploration
User Applications
User Applications
End-user interfaces including:
- Web and mobile applications
- Digital Twin dashboards
- Governance and administrative interfaces
- AI Agent interfaces (MCPs) For implementation details, see our Developer Guide.
Intelligence Systems
Causal AI Models
Causal AI Models
- Transform Theories of Change into executable Causal Models
- White box, explainable decision-making
- Accountable outcome verification
- Data-driven causal inference
- Counterfactual analysis
- Intervention planning and optimization
Semantic Data Graphs
Semantic Data Graphs
- Ontology-driven data structures
- Blockchain-sequenced state management
- Stateful graph construction
- Knowledge representation
- Semantic querying capabilities
- Linked data principles
Verifiable Machine Learning
Verifiable Machine Learning
- Zero-knowledge proofs for ML verification
- Giza Protocol integration
- Transparent model training and inference
- Cryptographic verification of model outputs
- Privacy-preserving computation
- Trusted execution environments
Protocols
Protocol Domains
Protocol Domains
- Class Inheritance
- Ontologies and Types
- Data Schemas
- Models
- Workflows
Programmable Protocols
Programmable Protocols
- Automated structured workflows
- Third-party service integrations
- Executable code logic
- State machine transitions
- Event-driven processes
- Conditional execution paths
Matrix Protocol Messaging
Matrix Protocol Messaging
- Secure communication for decentralized agents
- End-to-end encrypted messaging
- Federated architecture
- Decentralized rooms and spaces
- Verifiable message delivery
- Real-time event streaming
Claims Processing
Verifiable Claims
Verifiable Claims
- Multi-party verification
- Dispute resolution
- Payment automations
- Batch operations
- Status tracking
- Data pipeline fusion
- Semantically structured attestations
- Machine-readable formats
- Graph-based high-definition data
Digital Certificates
Digital Certificates
- Attestations about entities
- Cryptographic proofs
- Selective disclosure
- Revocation management
- Evidence attachments
Crypto-Economic Systems
Digital Assets
Digital Assets
- Tokenization standards
- Asset lifecycle management
- Ownership rights
- Transfer mechanisms
- Value representation
- Entity-based NFTs
- Collateralization capabilities
Smart Contracts
Smart Contracts
- Crypto-economic systems
- Smart Accounts
- Decentralized Autonomous Organisations (DAOs)
- Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs)
- Automated Market Makers (AMMs)
- Permissionless networks
- Interchain communication
- Interchain governance
- Registry Module integration
- Token Module integration
Market Mechanisms
Market Mechanisms
- Price discovery
- Supply/demand matching
- Settlement processes
- Risk management
- Market governance
Event-Driven Payments
Event-Driven Payments
- Automated payments for verified services
- Conditional payment triggers
- Multi-party payment flows
- Escrow mechanisms
- Payment streaming
- Fee distribution frameworks
Executable Deeds
Executable Deeds
- Structured requests and offers
- Governance proposals with execution
- Built-in verification mechanisms
- Governance controls
- State transitions
- Conditional execution
Digital Rights Management
Digital Rights Management
- Object capabilities model
- Access control rights
- Rights verification
- License management
- Usage tracking
- Rights transfer mechanisms
Spatial Awareness
Spatial Context
Spatial Context
- Location Domain Name (LDNS)
- Virtual Private Maps
- Precise positioning (1cm pixel)
- Graphs of Spatial Relationships
- Location Data Exchange
Proof of Location
Proof of Location
- Location claims validation
- Spatial relationship verification
- Location-based Encryption
Universal Navigation Layer
Universal Navigation Layer
Oracle services
Data Oracles
Data Oracles
- External data integration
- Truth consensus
- Real-time feeds
- Data validation
Agentic Oracles
Agentic Oracles
- AI-powered verification
- Automated decisions
- Pattern recognition
- Predictive analytics
Impact Oracles
Impact Oracles
- Specialized for impact verification
- Outcome measurement automation
- Data collection and validation
- Impact reporting
- Performance metrics
- SDG alignment verification
Security & Privacy
Cryptographic Security
Cryptographic Security
- Key management
- Signature schemes
- Encryption standards
- Zero-knowledge proofs
Data Privacy
Data Privacy
- Access control
- Data sovereignty
- Privacy-preserving computation
- Consent management
Decentralized Governance
Decentralized Governance
- Advanced DAO tooling
- AI agent integration in decision-making
- Human participation in consensus
- Governance frameworks
- Proposal and voting mechanisms
- Multi-signature controls
Development Tools
Client SDK
Client SDK
- Third-party application integration
- JavaScript/TypeScript libraries
- React components
- API wrappers
- Utilities and helpers
- Documentation and examples
Next Steps
For technical support or questions about core concepts, join our Developer Community or contact our Developer Relations Team.